Content can be modified at the source (e.g. However, any content can be spoofed, including the content of email messages, file transfers, or the content of other network communication protocols. The term content spoofing is most often used to describe modification of web pages hosted by a target to display the adversary's content instead of the owner's content. In some cases navigation remapping can be used for Phishing attacks or even means to artificially boost the page view, user site reputation, or click-fraud.Īn adversary modifies content to make it contain something other than what the original content producer intended while keeping the apparent source of the content unchanged. Also, traditional web vulnerabilities (such as CSRF) can be constructed with remapped buttons or links.
One example would be to place an image in a user's photo gallery that when clicked upon redirected the user to an off-site location. Some applications make navigation remapping more difficult to detect because the actual HREF values of images, profile elements, and links/buttons are masked. Performing this attack allows the attacker to manipulate content in such a way as to produce messages or content that looks authentic but contains links/buttons that point to an attacker controlled destination.
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The techniques require use of specialized software that allow the attacker to man-in-the-middle communications between the web browser and the remote system in order to change the content of various application elements. Performing this attack allows the attacker to manipulate content in such a way as to produce messages or content that look authentic but may contain deceptive links, substitute one item or another, spoof an existing item and conduct a false exchange, or otherwise change the amounts or identity of what is being exchanged.
The techniques require use of specialized software that allow the attacker to man-in-the-middle communications between the web browser and the remote system in order to change the destination of various application interface elements.Īn attacker hosts or joins an event or transaction within an application framework in order to change the content of messages or items that are being exchanged. When the goal is to spread malware, deceptive content is created such as modified links, buttons, or images, that entice users to click on those items, all of which point to a malicious URI. In general, content-spoofing within an application API can be employed to stage many different types of attacks varied based on the attackers' intent. Performing this attack allows the attacker to manipulate content in such a way as to produce messages or content that look authentic but may contain deceptive links, spam-like content, or links to the attackers' code. An attacker manipulates either egress or ingress data from a client within an application framework in order to change the content of messages and thereby circumvent the expected application logic.
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